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Phosphate rock is a key component in producing fertilizer and many other economically important products. Getting phosphate rock out of the ground produces a by-produce called phosphate clay, which mining operations must return to the landscape. However, phosphate clay retains large amounts of water, making them unsuitable for use as farmland or wildlife habitat. This 6-page fact sheet explains how using a sand-clay mix can more efficiently restore the landscape and put it to beneficial use. Written by Casey Beavers, Edward A. Hanlon, Matt Wilson, James “Bud” Cates, and George J. Hochmuth, and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Sciences, July 2015.
References
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Central Florida Regional Planning Council. 2002. Land Use Suitability Index or Use in Hardee County. Hardee County Board of County Commissioners. http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/ndemers/mining/Hardee%20County%20CFRPC%20LAND%20USE%20SUITABILITY%20INDEX.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.
El-Shall, H. 2009. Field Demonstration and Evaluation of Rapid Clay Dewatering and Consolidation Process Using other Wastes (FIPR/DIPR Process) to Minimize Clay Setting Ponds. Publ. No. 02-168-232. Bartow, FL. Florida Institute of Phosphate Research. http://fipr.state.fl.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/02-168-232Final.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.
Garlanger, J. E. 1982. Field Evaluation of Sand-Clay Mix Reclamation. Publ. No. 03-006-007. Bartow, FL. Florida. Florida Institute of Phosphate Research. http://fipr.state.fl.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/03-006-007Final.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.
Garlanger J.E. and J.W. Babcock. 1987. Field Evaluation of Sand-Clay Mix Reclamation - Phase II. Publ. No. 02-038-067. Bartow, FL. Florida Institute of Phosphate Research. http://fipr.state.fl.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/02-038-067Final.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.
Joint Meeting/Public Hearing Before Planning/Zoning Board and Board of County Commissioners: Minutes. 2009. 3-4. (Comment by David Gossett of CF Industries). http://www.hardeecounty.net/site/CONTENT/RECORDS/BOCC/zm2009-05-21b.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.
Keen, P. W., and J. G. Sampson. 1983. "The Sand/Clay Mix Technique: A Method of Clay Disposal and Reclamation Options." In Reclamation and the Phosphate Industry: Proceedings of the Symposium, Clearwater Beach, Florida, 26-28 January 1983 edited by David J. Robertson, 59-84. Publ. No. 03-036-010. Bartow, FL. Florida Institute of Phosphate Research. http://fipr.state.fl.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/03-036-010Final.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.
Schreuder, P. J., and T. Pichler. 2010. Wastewater Treatment with Wetland and Tailings Sands Filtration Prior to Confined Aquifer Recharge. Publ. No. 03-153-259. Bartow, FL. Florida Institute of Phosphate Research. http://fipr.state.fl.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/03-153-239Final.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.
Tao, D., B. K. Parekh, and R. Honaker. 2008. Development and Pilot -Scale Demonstration of Deep Cone™ Paste Thickening Process for Phosphatic Clay Disposal. Publ. No. 02-162-229. Bartow, FL. Florida Institute of Phosphate Research. http://fipr.state.fl.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/02-162-229Final.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.
Townsend, F. C., M. C. McVay, D. G. Bloomquist, and S .A. McClimans. 1989. "Clay Waste and Pond Reclamation By Sand/Clay Mix Or Capping." J. Geotech. Engrg. 115: 1647-1666. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:11(1647). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:11(1647)
Wilson, M., and E. A. Hanlon. 2012. Multiple-Use Landscapes: Reclaimed Phosphate Mined Lands. SL374. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss575. Accessed June 24, 2015. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ss575-2012
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1980. Table 19. Chemical Properties of Selected Soils. In Soil Survey of Hardee County, Florida, 131-4. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/florida/FL049/0/hardee.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2015.