Examining the Case of DICK’s Sporting Goods: Realignment of Stakeholders through Corporate Social Advocacy

Authors

  • Barbara Miller Gaither Elon University
  • Lucinda Austin University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
  • Morgan Collins Elon University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32473/jpic.v2.i2.p176

Keywords:

corporate social advocacy, political activism, stakeholder theory, corporate values

Abstract

This study examined corporate social advocacy and political activism through the case of DICK’s Sporting Goods and the company’s recent stance on gun control reform. Themes related to stakeholders, corporate values, and activism versus advocacy were explored through an interview with DICK’s President, documentation including an interview with DICK’s CEO and statements from the company, and a social media content analysis of 3,000 public tweets to DICK’s in the wake of the announcement. Findings revealed that DICK’s actions extended beyond corporate social advocacy into corporate political activism, partly driven by secondary stakeholders. This action created an opportunity for DICK’s to redefine and realign stakeholders while making corporate values clearer to these stakeholder groups.

Author Biographies

Barbara Miller Gaither, Elon University

Barbara Miller Gaither (Ph.D., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) is a professor at Elon University, where she researches corporate issue advocacy, environmental communication, and public perceptions of CSR.  Gaither has authored a book on marketplace advocacy and published research in journals including the Journal of Applied Communications Research, Mass Communication and Society, Journal of Public Relations Research, Journal of Advertising, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, Risk Analysis and PR Review.  She has been named an Arthur W. Page Center Scholar and received a PRIDE Award for Outstanding Contribution to Public Relations Education from PR Review.

Lucinda Austin, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill

Lucinda Austin (Ph.D., University of Maryland College Park) is an assistant professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she researches social media, health and crisis communication, and publics’ perspectives in CSR and relationship building. Austin has published in journals including Communication Research, the Journal of Applied Communication Research, Health Communication, the Journal of Public Relations Research, and PR Review. She has been awarded AEJMC’s Promising Professors and PR Division SuPRstar Awards, the Arthur W. Page Center’s Legacy Educator and Scholar Awards, and NCA’s PRIDE Award.

Morgan Collins, Elon University

Morgan Collins is an Honors student at Elon University studying strategic communications. Her research focuses on corporations’ efforts to undertake corporate social advocacy and corporate political activism, particularly in regards to environmental issues.

References

Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality, and behavior (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Open University.

APCO Worldwide. (2018). Corporate advocacy, in five acts. Retrieved from http://apcoworldwide.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/Thought-Leadership/apcos-five-acts-of-corporate-advocacy.pdf

Bakan, J. (2004). The corporation: The pathological pursuit of profit and power. Toronto, ON, Canada: Viking.

Baraniuk, C. (2018, March 27). How Twitter bots help fuel political feuds. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-twitter-bots-help-fuel-political-feuds/

Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders—Balancing economic, legal, and social responsibilities. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39-48.

Carroll, A. B., & Bucholtz, A. K. (2014). Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management (9th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage.

CBS News. (2018, June 27). Red Hen owner who ousted Sarah Sanders resigns from local business group. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/red-hen-owner-who-ousted-sarah-sanders-resigns-from-local-business-group-main-street-lexington-2018-06-27/

Clemensen, M. (2017). Corporate political activism: When and how should companies take a political stand? Unpublished master’s project, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Retrieved from https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/189490/Clemensen%2C%20Maggie%20-%20Corporate%20political%20activism.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

CNN Money. (2018, February 28). Dick's CEO: Thoughts, prayers don't do anything (C. Cuomo, Interviewer) [Audio file]. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/video/news/2018/02/28/dicks-sporting-goods-weapon-ban-ceo-edward-stack-new-day.cnnmoney/index.html

Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. C. (2008). Basics of qualitative research, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Creswell, J., & Corkery, M. (2018, February 28). Walmart and Dick’s raise minimum age for gun buyers to 21. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/28/business/walmart-and-dicks-major-gun-retailers-will-tighten-rules-on-guns-they-sell.html

Cutler, B. D., & Muehling, D. D. (1989). Advocacy advertising and the boundaries of commercial speech. Journal of Advertising, 18(3), 40-50. doi:10.1080/00913367.1989.10673160

Dellarocas, C. (2003). The digitization of word of mouth: Promise and challenges of online feedback mechanisms. Management Science, 49(10), 1407-1424. doi:10.1287/mnsc.49.10.1407.17308.

DICK’s Sporting Goods. (2018). Media statements. Retrieved from http://pressroom.dicks.com/press-information/media-statements.aspx

Dodd, M. D., & Supa, D. W. (2014). Conceptualizing and measuring “corporate social advocacy” communication: Examining the impact on corporate financial performance. Public Relations Journal, 8(3), 1-23. Retrieved from http://www.prsa.org/Intelligence/PRJournal/Vol8/No3

Dodd, M. D., & Supa, D. (2015). Testing the viability of corporate social advocacy as a predictor of purchase intention. Communication Research Reports, 32(4), 287–293. doi:10.1080/08824096.2015.1089853

Edman, H. (2010). Twittering to the top: A content analysis of corporate tweets to measure organization-public relationships. Unpublished master’s thesis, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1726/?utm_source=digitalcommons.lsu.edu%2Fgradschool_theses%2F1726&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages

Ellen, P. S., Webb, D. J., & Mohr, L. A. (2006). Building corporate associations: Consumer attributions for corporate socially responsible programs. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(2), 147-157. doi:10.1177/0092070305284976

Etter, M. (2013). Reasons for low levels of interactivity: (Non-) interactive CSR communication in Twitter. Public Relations Review, 39, 606-608. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.06.003

ExxonMobil. (2018). Our guiding principles. Retrieved from http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/company/about-us/guiding-principles/our-guiding-principles

Foroohar, R. (2016, June 22). Why CEOs are becoming political figures. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/4377201/donald-trump-ceos-politics

Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management. Marshfield, MA: Pitman.

Friedman, M. (1970, September 13). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. The New York Times Magazine, pp. 32–33.

Gaines-Ross, L. (2017, October 2). Hundreds of CEOs are speaking out in the Trump era. Here are the patterns. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2017/10/what-ceo-activism-looks-like-in-the-trump-era

Gaither, B. M., Austin, L., & Schulz, M. (2018). Delineating CSR and social change: Querying corporations as actors for social good. Public Relations Inquiry, 7(1), 45-61. doi:10.1177/2046147X17743544

Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York, NY: de Gruyter.

Heath, R. L., & Nelson, R. A. (1986). Issues management: Corporate public policymaking in an information society. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.

Heath, R. L., & Palenchar, M. J. (2009). Strategic issues management (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Isidore, C. (2018, Feb 28). Dick's Sporting Goods will stop selling assault-style rifles. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2018/02/28/news/companies/dicks-weapon-ban/index.html

Johnson, J., & Wagner, J. (2017, August 12). Trump condemns Charlottesville violence but doesn’t single out white nationalists. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-condemns-charlottesville-violence-but-doesnt-single-out-white-nationalists/2017/08/12/933a86d6-7fa3-11e7-9d08-

b79f191668ed_story.html?utm_term=.22ddd706131e

Kim, S. Y., & Reber, B. H. (2008). Public relations’ place in corporate social responsibility: Practitioners define their role. Public Relations Review 34, 337-342. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.07.003

King, B. (2008). A social movement perspective of stakeholder collective action and influence. Business & Society, 47(1), pp. 21-49. doi:10.1177/0007650307306636

Korschun, D. (2017, February 7). Companies that stay silent on political issues can pay a hefty price. Fast Company. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/3067944/political-neutrality-can-be-costly

Korschun, D., Aggarwal, A., Rafieian, H., & Swain, S. D. (2016). Taking a stand: Consumer responses to corporate political activism. Retrieved from SSRN website: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2806476 doi:10.2139/ssrn.2806476.

Krippendorff, K. (2004a). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Krippendorff, K. (2004b). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3),411–433. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x

McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (Eds.). (1996). Comparative perspectives on social movements. New York, NY: Cambridge University.

McPherson, P. (2018, January 12). 8 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) trends to look for in 2018. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanmcpherson/2018/01/12/8-corporate-social-responsibility-csr-trends-to-look-for-in-2018/#34ceb08140ce

Nielsen. (2015). The Nielsen global survey of corporate social responsibility and sustainability. Retrieved from Nielsen website: https://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/nielsenglobal/dk/docs/global-sustainability-report-oct-2015.pdf

O’Connor, C. (2014, March 19). Chick-fil-A CEO Cathy: Gay marriage still wrong, but I’ll shut up about it and sell chicken. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2014/03/19/chick-fil-a-ceo-cathy-gay-marriage-still-wrong-but-ill-shut-up-about-it-and-sell-chicken

Potter, J. W. (1996). An analysis of thinking and research about qualitative methods. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Reilly, K. (2018, February 28). Walmart is the latest example of a company doing what politicians won’t on gun control. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/5179510/walmart-firearms-dicks-sporting-goods-gun-policy

Reiter, S. L. (2016). Corporate profit, social welfare, and the logic of capitalism. Business and Society Review, 121(3), 331-363. doi:10.1111/basr.12090

Rowley, T. J. (1997). Moving beyond dyadic ties: A network theory of stakeholder influences. Academy of Management Review, 22, 887-910. doi:10.2307/259248

Sethi, S. P. (1975). Dimensions of corporate social performance: An analytical framework. California Management Review, 17(3), 58-64. doi:10.2307/41162149

Sethi, S. P. (1977). Advocacy advertising and large corporations: Social conflict, big business image, the news media, and public policy. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.

Sethi, S. P. (1979). A conceptual framework for environmental analysis of social

issues and evaluation of business response patterns. Academy of Management

Review, 4(1), 63–74.

Simpson, W. G., & Kohers, T. (2002). The link between corporate social and financial performance: Evidence from the banking industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 35(2), 97-109. doi:10.1023/A:1013082525900

Smith, A. (2018, May 30). Dick’s soaring sales prove it can succeed without assault rifles. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2018/05/30/news/companies/dicks-sporting-goods-earnings/index.html

Snider, J., Hill, R. P., & Martin, D. (2003). Corporate social responsibility in the 21st century: A view from the world’s most successful firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 48(2), 175–187. doi:10.1023/B:BUSI.0000004606.29523.db

Stack, E. W. (2018, March 21). Opinion | I run Dick’s Sporting Goods. It’s Congress’s turn to do something about guns. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/i-run-dicks-sporting-goods-its-congresss-turn-to-do-something-about-guns/2018/03/21/3dd1b040-2c3f-11e8-b0b0-f706877db618_story.html

Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Thomas, P. N. (2014). Development communication and social change in historical context. In K. G. Wilkins, T. Tufte, & R. Obregon (Eds.), The handbook of development communication and social change (pp. 5-19). New York, NY: John & Wiley Sons.

Varol, O., Ferrara, E., Davis, C. A., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2017). Online human-bot interactions: Detection, estimation, and characterization. Proceedings from the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, pp. 280-289. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.03107

Weber Shandwick. (2017). CEO activism in 2017: High noon in the C-Suite. Weber Shandwick & KRC Research. Retrieved from Weber Shandwick website: http://www.webershandwick.com/uploads/news/files/ceo-activism-in-2017-high-noon-in-the-c-suite.pdf

Wong, J. C. (2017, January 20). Mark Zuckerberg challenges Trump on immigration and “extreme vetting” order. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/27/mark-zuckerberg-donald-trump-immigration-order-facebook

Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Published

2018-09-17

Issue

Section

Special Issue Content